Classification of solvent
Definition;
Solvent is a liquid substance capable to dissolve other substance without chemical changes.
Molecular structure of solvents
Inorganic solvents
Organic solvents
Molecular structure of solvents
Ability of a substance to dissolve another substance is determined by compatibility of their molecular
Structure.
First Classification
The classification is based on the proton accepting
ability of the solvent gives following types;
Protogenic solvent (Acidic)
Protophilic solvent (Basic)
Amphoteric solvent
Aprotic Solvent
Protogenic solvent ;
The solvent can lose proton readily.
EXAMPLE ;
HF, H2SO4, HCOOH,CH3COOH; etc
Protophilic solvent;
These solvent canaccept proton.
EXAMPLE;
NH3, Amines etc.
Amphoteric solvent;
Thesesolvent show dual character i.e
They can lose as well as accept proton depending on nature of reacting species.
EXAMPLE;
H2O , Alcohol , CH3COOH etc.
Aprotic Solvent ;
These solvents can neither lose nor
gain proton.
EXAMPLE;
C6H6 , CCL4 etc.
SECOND CLASSIFICATION
The classification based on like dissolve like are of two type;
Ionizing Solvent
Non Ionizing Solvent
Ionizing Solvents ;
These solvents have high polarity and
high dielectric constant. They can undergo auto reaction.
EXAMPLE;
H2O , SO2 , NH3 etc.
Non Ionizing Solvent ;
They have low dipole moment and dielectric constant. They do not go self- ionization.
EXAMPLE;
C6H6 ,CCL4 , etc.
THIRD CLASSIFICATON
The classification is based on aqueous nature of solvent given Following types;
Aqueous Solvent
Non Aqueous Solvent
Aqueous Solvents ;
EXAMPLE;
H2O
Non Aqueous Solvent ;
The solvents other than water is called non aqueous solvent.
EXAMPLE;
Alcohol , Liq.Ammonia etc.
INORANGIC SOLVENTS
The most popular inorganic solvent (not containing carbon)
solvents are water and aqueous solutions
containing special additives (surfacants , detergents ,
PH buffers , inhibitors) .
Other inorganic solvents are liquid anhydrous Ammonia ,
Concentrated Sulfuric acid , suluryl fluoride.
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
There are three types of organic solvent.
-
Oxygenated Solvents
-
Hydrocarbon Solvents
-
Halogenated Solvents
Oxygenated Solvents;
Oxygenated solvents is an organic solvent , molecules of which contain oxygen .
Oxygenated solvents are widely used in the paints , inks , pharmaceuticals , fragrance sectors , adhesives , cosmetic ,
Detergents and food industries.
EXAMPLE;
Alcohols , glycol ether , methyl acetate , ethyl acetate ,
Ketones , esters and glycol ether/esters.
Hydrogenated solvents;
Molecules of hydrogencarbon solvents consists of Hydrogen and Carbon atoms.
Aliphatic solvents ;
Molecules of aliphatic solvents have straight- chain structure.
EXAMPLE;
Hexane , gasoline , kerosene etc.
White spirits ;
White spirits is a mixture of
aromatic and paraffinic hydrocarbon.
Pure aromatic solvents ;
Molecules of Pure aromatic solvents have benzene ring structure .
EXAMPLE;
Benzene , Toluene , Xylene etc.
Halogenated Solvents ;
Halogenated
solvents is an organic solvent , molecules of which contains
halogenic atoms ; like Chlorine , Fluorine , Bromine and
Iodine etc.
Accordingly to the type of halogen halogenated
Solvents are classified into the following categories;
Chlorinated Solvents;
The common examples of chlorinated solvents are Trichlorethylene , Perchlorethylene , Methylene chloride , Carbon tetrachloride and chloroform.
Fluorocarbon Solvents ;
The common examples of fluorocarbon solvents are Dichlorofluoromethane , Trichlorofluoromethane and hydrochlorofluorocarbon etc.
Brominated Solvents;
The common examples of brominated solvents are ethylene dibromide , methylene chlorobromide and methyl bromine etc.
Iodinated Solvents ;
The common examples of iodinated solvents are n-butyl iodide , methyl iodide , ethyl iodide and n-propyl iodide etc.